Anatomia Nova: The Evolution and Prospects of Anatomy in the Era of Human Augmentation Technology - An Integrative Review of Structure, Function, and Ethics
##article.authors##
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Tetsuya Sasaki
Laboratory of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7723-4417
https://researchmap.jp/tsasak
- Sara Kamiya Laboratory of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
- Kenyu Nakamura Laboratory of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
- Koki Higuchi Laboratory of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
- Sae Sanaka Laboratory of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
- Asumi Kubo Laboratory of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51094/jxiv.921Keywords:
Anatomy, Brain-Machine Interface, Cognitive Enhancement, Human Augmentation Technology, Sensory AugmentationAbstract
Recent technological advances have expanded the scope of medical interventions from treating diseases to enhancing human capabilities beyond normal levels. This field of "human augmentation" aims to enhance physical and cognitive functions in healthy individuals. The development of these technologies relies heavily on a detailed understanding of neuroanatomy. This review focuses on the neuroanatomical foundations underlying key areas of human augmentation technology. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) require thorough knowledge of cortical layer structure and functional localization, particularly in motor and somatosensory cortices. Neuromodulation technologies depend on understanding GABAergic interneuron distribution and connectivity for controlling cortical excitatory-inhibitory balance. Sensory augmentation technologies are based on the microstructure and function of sensory organs, including the retinal layers and visual cortices for vision, cochlear structure and auditory pathways for hearing, and skin layers and sensory receptors for touch. Understanding cortico-subcortical circuits and long-range projection pathways contributes to more precise neuromodulation techniques, such as those targeting higher cognitive functions through the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus circuit. The integration of insights from neuroscience, engineering, and materials science drives these developments. Future advancements in nanoscale neuroanatomy may lead to more effective augmentation technologies, such as more natural BCIs and sophisticated neuromodulation techniques. Understanding neural plasticity mechanisms is crucial for long-term stable augmentation. While these technologies promise to maximize human potential and improve quality of life, their development necessitates a comprehensive approach that considers ethical and social implications.
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Published: 2024-10-07 05:29:21 UTC
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Tetsuya Sasaki
Sara Kamiya
Kenyu Nakamura
Koki Higuchi
Sae Sanaka
Asumi Kubo
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