Emergent scientific management models in research and development

Abstract

Science has been the foundation of innovation and the cornerstone of industrial development. However, various issues have been pointed out, such as stagnation of innovation, increasing costs of R&D, and soaring prices of academic journals. In recent years, an increasing number of private organizations have been trying to solve these problems on individual themes. Among them, Focused Research Organizations (FROs), Private Advanced Research Projects Agency (PARPA), and grant-aided Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) have emerged, proposing new scientific management models. Here, we summarize the novel science management models in terms of the "valley of death" of technology transfer. First, we explain the background of the metascience and introduce the new scientific ecosystem. Next, we review Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR), a conventional governmental policy of technology transfer. Then, we review existing and new science management models from the perspective of technology transfer. The current study of the emergent science management models will contribute to understanding the metascience movement.