Salience as affordance: implications for aberrant salience hypothesis of psychosis from active inference perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51094/jxiv.148Keywords:
Schizophrenia, delusion, visual salience, incentive salience, active inference, free-energy principleAbstract
The word "salience" has multiple meanings. On the one hand, "perceptual salience" describes the characteristic of perceptual conspicuity, while "motivational salience" is taken as a function of imparting emotional valence to an object. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between "perceptual salience" and "motivational salience". This will contribute to the elaboration of the Aberrant Salience Hypothesis of Psychosis (ASH), which has been proposed in psychiatry. The ASH consistently explains the development and recovery of psychotic symptoms. An important problem, however, is that the term salience in ASH is ambiguous. In this paper, we will first clarify the current definition of salience by dividing it into perceptual salience and motivational salience. Then, we show that the idea of salience as an affordance is supported by two perspectives (philosophy of psychology and an information-theoretic brain model (active inference) ). By rethinking salience as affordance, salience can be classified into epistemic affordance, exploitive affordance, and aversive affordance. This idea can further elaborate ASH. Increased salience in ASH can be interpreted as an increase in both epistemic and exploitive affordances. The former motivates approach to the target, while the latter motivates avoidance of the target. This conflict causes patients to suffer and require some sort of cognitive resolution. This scheme is not obvious from the term "misattribution of salience" in ASH. Finally, we discuss the correspondence between the above scheme and brain regions and further discuss the scope of application of the ideas proposed in this paper.
Downloads *Displays the aggregated results up to the previous day.
References
Adams RA, Stephan KE, Brown HR, Frith CD, Friston KJ (2013) The computational anatomy of psychosis. Front Psychiatry 4:47.
Archer S ed. (2022) Salience: A Philosophical Inquiry. Routledge.
Bachman MD, Wang L, Gamble ML, Woldorff MG (2020) Physical Salience and Value-Driven Salience Operate through Different Neural Mechanisms to Enhance Attentional Selection. J Neurosci 40:5455–5464.
Berridge KC (2018) Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation. Front Psychol 9:1647.
Butler PD, Silverstein SM, Dakin SC (2008) Visual Perception and Its Impairment in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 64:40–47.
Cicero DC, Kerns JG, McCarthy DM (2010) The Aberrant Salience Inventory: A New Measure of Psychosis Proneness. Psychol Assess 22:688–701.
Comoli E, Coizet V, Boyes J, Bolam JP, Canteras NS, Quirk RH, Overton PG, Redgrave P (2003) A direct projection from superior colliculus to substantia nigra for detecting salient visual events. Nat Neurosci 6:974–980.
Corbetta M, Akbudak E, Conturo TE, Snyder AZ, Ollinger JM, Drury HA, Linenweber MR, Petersen SE, Raichle ME, Van Essen DC, Shulman GL (1998) A common network of functional areas for attention and eye movements. Neuron 21:761–773.
Cunningham WA, Brosch T (2012) Motivational Salience: Amygdala Tuning From Traits, Needs, Values, and Goals. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 21:54–59.
Dommett E, Coizet V, Blaha CD, Martindale J, Lefebvre V, Walton N, Mayhew JEW, Overton PG, Redgrave P (2005) How visual stimuli activate dopaminergic neurons at short latency. Science (80- ) 307:1476–1479.
Esber GR, Haselgrove M (2011) Reconciling the influence of predictiveness and uncertainty on stimulus salience: a model of attention in associative learning. Proceedings Biol Sci 278:2553–2561.
Friston K (2010) The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? Nat Rev Neurosci 11:127–138.
Friston K, Rigoli F, Ognibene D, Mathys C, FitzGerald T, Pezzulo G (2015) Active inference and epistemic value. Cogn Neurosci 6:187–214.
Friston KJ, Shiner T, FitzGerald T, Galea JM, Adams R, Brown H, Dolan RJ, Moran R, Stephan KE, Bestmann S (2012) Dopamine, affordance and active inference. PLoS Comput Biol 8:e1002327.
Gonzalez Andino SL, Grave de Peralta Menendez R (2012) Coding of saliency by ensemble bursting in the amygdala of primates. Front Behav Neurosci 6:38.
Hesp C, Smith R, Parr T, Allen M, Friston KJ, Ramstead MJD (2021) Deeply Felt Affect: The Emergence of Valence in Deep Active Inference. Neural Comput 33:398–446.
Horn M, Fovet T, Vaiva G, Thomas P, Amad A, D’Hondt F (2020) Emotional response in depersonalization: A systematic review of electrodermal activity studies. J Affect Disord 276:877–882.
Howes OD, Hird EJ, Adams RA, Corlett PR, McGuire P (2020) Aberrant Salience, Information Processing, and Dopaminergic Signaling in People at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 88:304–314.
Itti L (2007) Visual salience. Scholarpedia 2:3327.
Itti L, Baldi P (2009) Bayesian surprise attracts human attention. Vision Res 49:1295–1306.
Itti L, Koch C (2001) Computational modelling of visual attention. Nat Rev Neurosci 2:194–203.
Kapur S (2003) Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: A framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 160:13–23.
Kim H, Nanavaty N, Ahmed H, Mathur VA, Anderson BA (2021) Motivational Salience Guides Attention to Valuable and Threatening Stimuli: Evidence from Behavior and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Cogn Neurosci 33:2440–2460.
Knolle F, Ermakova AO, Justicia A, Fletcher PC, Bunzeck N, Düzel E, Murray GK (2018) Brain responses to different types of salience in antipsychotic naïve first episode psychosis: An fMRI study. Transl Psychiatry 8:1–13.
Kutlu MG, Zachry JE, Melugin PR, Cajigas SA, Chevee MF, Kelly SJ, Kutlu B, Tian L, Siciliano CA, Calipari ES (2021) Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core signals perceived saliency. Curr Biol 31:4748-4761.e8.
Lawson RP, Mathys C, Rees G (2017) Adults with autism overestimate the volatility of the sensory environment. Nat Neurosci 20:1293–1299.
Matsumoto M, Hikosaka O (2009) Two types of dopamine neuron distinctly convey positive and negative motivational signals. Nature 459:837–841.
Matthen M (2005) Seeing, Doing, and Knowing: A Philosophical Theory of Sense Perception. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McClelland T (2020) The Mental Affordance Hypothesis. Mind 129:401–427.
Miyata J (2019) Toward integrated understanding of salience in psychosis. Neurobiol Dis 131:104414.
Moore T (2001) Control of eye movements and spatial attention. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98:1273–1276.
Parr T, Friston KJ (2019) Attention or salience? Curr Opin Psychol 29:1–5.
Posner MI (1980) Orienting of attention. Q J Exp Psychol 32:3–25.
Powers AR, Mathys C, Corlett PR (2017) Pavlovian conditioning-induced hallucinations result from overweighting of perceptual priors. Science 357:596–600.
Proust J (2015) The Representational Structure of Feelings. Open MIND 31:1–26.
Ratcliffe M (2009) Existential Feeling and Psychopathology. Access 16:179–194.
Ratcliffe M, Broome MR (2022) Beyond ‘salience’ and ‘affordance’: Understanding anomalous experiences of significant possibilities. In: Salience, pp 50–69. London: Routledge.
Rizzolatti G, Craighero L (2010) Premotor theory of attention. Scholarpedia 5:6311 Available at: http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Premotor_theory_of_attention.
Robinson TE, Berridge KC (1993) The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 18:247–291.
Roiser JP, Howes OD, Chaddock CA, Joyce EM, McGuire P (2013) Neural and behavioral correlates of aberrant salience in individuals at risk for psychosis. Schizophr Bull 39:1328–1336.
Roiser JP, Stephan KE, den Ouden HEM, Barnes TRE, Friston KJ, Joyce EM (2009) Do patients with schizophrenia exhibit aberrant salience? Psychol Med 39:199–209.
Santos A, Mier D, Kirsch P, Meyer-Lindenberg A (2011) Evidence for a general face salience signal in human amygdala. Neuroimage 54:3111–3116.
Sass LA, Parnas J (2003) Schizophrenia, Consciousness and the Self. Schizophr Bull 29:427–444.
Schultz W (2015) Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data. Physiol Rev 95:853–951.
Seth AK, Friston KJ (2016) Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 371.
Sierra M, Berrios GE (1998) Depersonalization: neurobiological perspectives. Biol Psychiatry 44:898–908.
Silverstein SM (2016) Visual Perception Disturbances in Schizophrenia: A Unified Model. In: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, pp 77–132.
Silverstein SM, Keane BP (2011) Perceptual organization impairment in schizophrenia and associated brain mechanisms: Review of research from 2005 to 2010. Schizophr Bull 37:690–699.
Sterzer P, Adams RA, Fletcher P, Frith C, Lawrie SM, Muckli L, Petrovic P, Uhlhaas P, Voss M, Corlett PR (2018) The Predictive Coding Account of Psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 84:634–643.
Takakuwa N, Kato R, Redgrave P, Isa T (2017) Emergence of visually-evoked reward expectation signals in dopamine neurons via the superior colliculus in V1 lesioned monkeys. Elife 6:1–17.
Treisman AM, Gelade G (1980) A feature-integration theory of attention. Cogn Psychol 12:97–136.
Veale R, Hafed ZM, Yoshida M (2017) How is visual salience computed in the brain? Insights from behaviour, neurobiology and modelling. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 372:20160113.
Wang S, Jiang M, Duchesne XM, Laugeson EA, Kennedy DP, ADOLPHS R, Zhao Q (2015) Atypical visual saliency in autism spectrum disorder quantified through model-based eye tracking. Neuron 88:1–13.
Yoshida M, Miura K, Hashimoto R, Fujimoto M, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Ohi K, Fukunaga M, Takeda M, Isa T (2015) Saliency-guided eye movement during free-viewing in schizophrenic patients. J Vis 15:61.
Yoshida M, Taguchi S (2018) Free Energy Principle and Visual Consciousness. The Brain & Neural Networks 25:53–70.
Zhang K, Chen CD, Monosov IE (2019) Novelty, Salience, and Surprise Timing Are Signaled by Neurons in the Basal Forebrain. Curr Biol 29:134-142.e3.
田口茂 (2014) 現象学という思考. 筑摩書房.
谷徹 (2009) 現象学と間文化性. 現代思想 2009年12月臨時増刊 37:126–141.
Downloads
Posted
Submitted: 2022-08-28 08:15:01 UTC
Published: 2022-09-01 02:22:55 UTC
License
Copyright (c) 2022
Masatoshi Yoshida
Kengo Miyazono
Yoshiyuki Nishio
Yuichi Yamashita
Keisuke Suzuki
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
