A Bottom-Up Demand-Side Energy System Model considering Dynamics of Heat Pump Water Heater and CO2 Emission Factors

Tomohiro Katsuzaki; Ryuto Shigenobu; Akiko Takahashi; Masakazu Ito; Yosuke Suzuki; Hiroaki Terasaki

doi:10.51094/jxiv.1197

##article.authors##

Tomohiro Katsuzaki Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8673-2987 https://researchmap.jp/katsuzaki-tomohiro
Ryuto Shigenobu Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui https://researchmap.jp/ryuto_shigenobu
Akiko Takahashi Headquarters for Carbon Neutral Initiatives, Faculty of Basic and Generic Researches, University of Fukui https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9308-3641 https://researchmap.jp/7000024925
Masakazu Ito Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui https://researchmap.jp/masakazu_ito
Yosuke Suzuki Headquarters for Carbon Neutral Initiatives, Faculty of Basic and Generic Researches, University of Fukui https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3235-3576 https://researchmap.jp/szkysk
Hiroaki Terasaki Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui https://researchmap.jp/7000028111

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51094/jxiv.1197

Keywords:

technology selection, capacity planning, operation scheduling, household, energy management system, mixed-integer linear programming

Abstract

Promoting green transformation (GX) is imperative for Japan’s carbon neutrality. This paper focuses on a demand-side energy system (DES) for a household, optimizing technology selection and operation scheduling to minimize CO2 emissions. We have slightly modified the CO2 emission calculation in our previous model, originally incorporating the dynamic behavior of a heat pump water heater (HPWH), to analyze the impact of the dynamic CO2 emission factors on technology selection and operation scheduling. Simulation results indicate that incorporating the dynamic factors increases the capacity of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) charger and confirms time shifts in electricity usage by the BEV as well as self-consumption patterns of the HPWH. Future research will extend simulation periods, explore diverse seasonal and regional scenarios, and incorporate planning strategies to support Japan’s GX initiatives further.

Conflicts of Interest Disclosure

The authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript. The authors have no conflicts of interest directly relevant to the content of this article.

Downloads *Displays the aggregated results up to the previous day.

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Tomohiro Katsuzaki, Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui

Tomohiro Katsuzaki (Student Member, IEEJ) received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in electrical and electronic engineering from University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan, in 2020 and 2022, respectively, where he is currently pursuing a Ph.D. degree with the Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering.
His current research interests include design of equipment capacities and operation scheduling for energy systems, incorporating energy storage systems, power interchange, and heat pump systems.
Mr. Katsuzaki is a member of JSER. He was a recipient of the IEEJ Excellent Presentation Award in 2023.

Ryuto Shigenobu, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui

Ryuto Shigenobu (Member, IEEJ) received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees in engineering from University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan, in 2015, 2017, and 2019, respectively.
He was a Research Fellow with JSPS from April 2017 to March 2019. From April 2019 to March 2023, he was an Assistant Professor with University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan, where he is currently a Senior Assistant Professor with the Faculty of Engineering. His current research interests include optimization theory, electric power system analysis, and stability analysis.
Dr. Shigenobu is a member of IEEE and CIGRE.

Akiko Takahashi, Headquarters for Carbon Neutral Initiatives, Faculty of Basic and Generic Researches, University of Fukui

Akiko Takahashi (Member, IEEJ) received Ph.D. degree in engineering from Kumamoto University, Japan in 2012.
She was an Assistant Professor and an Associate Professor with Okayama University, Japan, from June 2012 to September 2020 and from October 2020 to September 2023, respectively. She is currently an Associate Professor for Connected Energy Headquarters for Carbon Neutral Initiatives with University of Fukui, Japan. Her current research interests include photovoltaic systems, energy management systems, solar irradiance prediction, and optimization.
Dr. Takahashi is a member of JSES, SICE, and IEEE.

Masakazu Ito, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui

Masakazu Ito (Senior Member, IEEJ) received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees in electronic and information engineering from Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan, in 2001, 2003, and 2006, respectively.
He was a Research Fellow with JSPS from September 2003 to March 2006. From April 2006 to March 2012, he was an Assistant Professor with Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. From April 2012 to March 2014, he was a Postdoctoral Fellow with JSPS and a Scientific Advisor with INES, CEA, France. From April to May 2014 and June 2014 to February 2019, he was an Adjunct Researcher and an Associate Professor with Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, respectively. From March 2019 to March 2024, he was an Associate Professor with University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan, where he is currently a Professor with the Faculty of Engineering. His current research interests include photovoltaic systems, energy storage systems, and life cycle assessments.
Prof. Ito is a fellow of JSES and a member of JSER, ILCAJ, IEIEJ, J-PVS, and ISES.

Yosuke Suzuki, Headquarters for Carbon Neutral Initiatives, Faculty of Basic and Generic Researches, University of Fukui

Yosuke Suzuki received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees in engineering from University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan, in 2018, 2021, and 2023, respectively.
He was a Research Fellow with JSPS from April 2021 to March 2023. Since April 2023, he has been an Assistant Professor for Natural Resource Research Division, with the Headquarters for Carbon Neutral Initiatives, Faculty of Basic and Generic Researches, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan. His current research interests include thermal engineering, environmental engineering.
Dr. Suzuki is a member of JSCE, GRSJ, AIJ, and JSSE.

Hiroaki Terasaki, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui

Hiroaki Terasaki received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees in civil engineering from University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan, in 2005, 2007, and 2011, respectively.
From December 2016 to September 2020, he was an Assistant Professor with University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan. From October 2020 to March 2025, he was a Senior Assistant Professor with University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan, where he is currently an Associate Professor with the Faculty of Engineering. His current research interests include lining borehole heat exchangers and ground source heat pump systems.
Dr. Terasaki is a member of JSCE, JSSE, JSPH, JSRT, and AIJ.

References

“The Basic Policy for the Realization of GX,” METI, Tokyo, Japan, Feb. 10, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2023/pdf/0210_003a-2.pdf

“FY2022 Energy Supply and Demand Report (Revised Report)” [in Japanese], ANRE, METI, Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 12, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/statistics/total_energy/pdf/honbun2022fykaku.pdf

T. Katsuzaki et al., “Optimal Joint Planning of Technology Selection, Capacities Planning, and Operation Scheduling for Demand-Side Energy System considering Dynamics of Heat Pump Water Heater and Linkage of Electricity, Heat, and Water” [Preprint] [in Japanese], Jxiv, Version 3, Mar. 5, 2025, doi: 10.51094/jxiv.1066.

“Short-Term Outlook for Renewable Energy Output Control” [in Japanese], ANRE, METI, Tokyo, Japan, Jan. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/enecho/denryoku_gas/saisei_kano/smart_power_grid_wg/pdf/001_02_01.pdf

X. Shi et al., “Estimation of Hourly CO2 Emission Factor by General Power Transmission Companies” [in Japanese], in Online Tech. Papers of Annu. Meeting SHASEJ, 2020, vol. 10, pp. 449–452, doi: 10.18948/shasetaikai.2020.10.0_449.

Hokuriku Electric Power Transmission & Distribution Company, “Energy Supply and Demand Data (Download)” [in Japanese], Hokuriku Electric Power Transmission & Distribution Company Website. Accessed: Mar. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.rikuden.co.jp/nw_jyukyudata/area_jisseki.html

Hokuriku Electric Power Company, “Trends in CO2 Emission Factors and Emissions on Electric Utility” [in Japanese], Hokuriku Electric Power Company Website. Accessed: Mar. 19, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.rikuden.co.jp/onshitsukoka/