Anatomy 2.0: 人間拡張時代における解剖学の役割
##article.authors##
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佐々木, 哲也
筑波大学 医学医療系 生命医科学域 解剖学・神経科学研究室
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7723-4417
https://researchmap.jp/tsasak
- 神谷, 沙羅 筑波大学 医学医療系 生命医科学域 解剖学・神経科学研究室
- 中村, 賢佑 筑波大学 医学医療系 生命医科学域 解剖学・神経科学研究室
- 樋口, 浩輝 筑波大学 医学医療系 生命医科学域 解剖学・神経科学研究室
- 左中, 彩恵 筑波大学 医学医療系 生命医科学域 解剖学・神経科学研究室
- 久保, 明澄 筑波大学 医学医療系 生命医科学域 解剖学・神経科学研究室
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51094/jxiv.921キーワード:
解剖学、 ブレイン-マシン‐インターフェース、 認知強化、 人間拡張、 感覚増強抄録
医学の伝統的な目標は疾病の治療と健康の回復であったが、近年、人間の能力を健常者の標準を超えて拡張する技術が急速に発展している。この「人間拡張」は、治療を目的とした従来の医療とは異なり、健常な身体的・認知的機能をさらに強化することを目指している。例えば、義肢技術は失われた四肢の機能を回復させるだけでなく、健常な肢体以上の力や精密さを実現しつつある。同様に、脳-コンピューターインターフェース（BCI）は、神経疾患患者のコミュニケーション支援から、健常者の認知能力増強へとその応用範囲を拡大している。このような人間拡張技術の発展には、神経系の微細構造と機能に関する詳細な解剖学的理解が不可欠である。本総説は、人間拡張技術の主要領域について、その基盤となる神経解剖学的知見を中心に考察する。BCIの開発には、大脳皮質の層構造や機能局在の理解が重要である。特に、運動野や体性感覚野の構造理解は、運動制御やフィードバックシステムの開発に直接寄与する。神経調節技術では、GABA作動性介在ニューロンの分布と接続パターンの理解が、皮質の興奮性・抑制性バランスの制御に重要である。感覚器官の拡張技術では、各感覚器の微細構造と機能の理解が基盤となる。視覚系では網膜の層構造や視覚野の階層的構造、聴覚系では蝸牛の微細構造や聴覚伝導路、体性感覚系では皮膚の層構造と感覚受容器の分布の理解が、それぞれの拡張技術の開発に不可欠である。さらに、皮質-皮質下回路や長距離投射経路の解剖学的理解は、より精密な神経調節技術の開発につながる。例えば、前頭前野-基底核-視床回路の理解は、高次認知機能の制御に関わる技術開発に寄与する。これらの技術の発展は、神経科学、工学、材料科学など多分野の知見の統合によって実現されている。人間拡張技術と神経解剖学は密接に関連しており、今後もその関係性は深化すると予想される。特に、ナノスケールでの神経解剖学的知見は、より精密で効果的な人間拡張技術の開発につながる可能性がある。シナプスの微細構造や神経伝達物質受容体の分布に関する詳細な理解は、より自然なBCIの開発や、より効果的な神経調節技術の設計に寄与すると考えられる。また、神経回路の可塑性メカニズムの解明は、長期的に安定した人間拡張技術の実現に不可欠である。倫理的・社会的な課題に注意を払いつつ、これらの技術の開発と利用を通じて、ヒトの潜在能力を引き出し、その幸福を向上させることが期待される。
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佐々木, 哲也
神谷, 沙羅
中村, 賢佑
樋口, 浩輝
左中, 彩恵
久保, 明澄
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