インド=ブラジル間の再生可能エネルギー協力
分断と分極が進む世界秩序における新興国協力のメカニズムを解明する
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51094/jxiv.1374キーワード:
再生可能エネルギー、 気候変動、 戦略的パートナーシップ、 インド、 ブラジル、 新興国抄録
ラテンアメリカ・カリブ地域(LAC)における主要国として、ブラジルは分断されたグローバル秩序の中で、インドの再生可能エネルギー外交への関与を強めている。多国間レベルでは、ブラジルはBRICS、G20、IBSAといったフォーラムでインドと協力し、気候変動への対応や国際ガバナンスの改革を推進している。二国間レベルでは、両国は戦略的パートナーシップを構築し、バイオマスや太陽光などの再生可能エネルギー源の推進を通じて温室効果ガス(GHG)排出の削減に取り組む共同プロジェクトを展開している。
これまでの研究は、インドとブラジルを新興大国として捉え、主に貿易や経済関係に注目してきたが、環境協力、特に再生可能エネルギー分野における協力は十分に検討されてこなかった。
本稿はこの研究上の空白を埋めることを目的とし、インドの再生可能エネルギー外交に対するブラジルの対応の変遷を、①「距離」(2009〜2016年)、②「保守的共鳴」(2016〜2022年)、③「再接近」(2023年以降)の三つの時期に区分して分析する。プロセス・トレーシングの手法を用いて、政権交代やグローバル・サウスにおける中国の影響力拡大といった要因がある中でも、インドとブラジルの再生可能エネルギー協力が着実に深化してきたことを明らかにする。
インドのアプローチは、「持続可能な開発目標(SDGs)」のような規範的な理念と、経済的利益や技術的補完性といった現実的な利害の両方に基づいている。一方、ブラジルの対応も、持続可能な開発とエネルギー安全保障の手段として再生可能エネルギーを活用しようとする利害の一致を反映している。
本稿は二つの主要な貢献を行う。第一に、インドがLAC地域で直面する地経済的制約と可能性に光を当てること。第二に、両国が既存の国際制度を西側主導のシステムに対抗する手段としてではなく、自国の利益をその内部で追求するために活用している点を明らかにすることである。
この文脈において、インドとブラジルの再生可能エネルギー協力は、現実主義的かつ利害主導型の南南外交の具体例となっており、分極化が進む世界秩序の複雑性を映し出している。
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